CBSE Class 10 Social Science History Work, Life and Leisure
Metropolis : A large, densely populated city of a country or state, often the capital of the region.
Urbanisation : Development of a city or town.
Temperance movement : A largely middle- class-led social reform movement which emerged in Britain and America from the nineteenth century onwards. It identified alcoholism as the cause of the ruin of families and society, and aimed at reducing the consumption of alcoholic drinks, particularly amongst the working classes.
Individualism : A theory which promotes the liberty, rights or independent action of the individual, rather than that of the community. Presidency cities : “he capitals of the Bombay. Bengal and Madras Presidencies in British India.
Akharas : Traditional wrestling schools, generally located in every neighbourhood, where young people were trained to ensure both physical and moral fitness.
Depressed classes : A term often used to denote those who were seen within the caste order as ‘lower castes’ and ‘untouchables’. Reclamation : The reclaiming of marshy or submerged areas or other wastelands for settlements, cultivation or other use.
Chawls : Chawls were multistoreyed structures built since lS60s in the native parts of Bombay, presently known as Mumbai. These were largely owned by private landlords, who were looking for quick ways of earning money from the anxious migrants. Each chawl was divided into smaller one room tenements which had no private toilets.
Social Science CBSE Class 10 History Work, Life and Leisure VSAQ
Q.1.Who wrote the novel ‘Debganer Martye Aagaman ?
Ans.Durgacharan Ray.
Ans.Durgacharan Ray.
Q.2.What was the theme of the novel ‘Debganer Martye Aagaman’ ?
Ans.The basic aim of the novel was to explain the city life of Calcutta. Q.2.Ans.
Ans.The basic aim of the novel was to explain the city life of Calcutta. Q.2.Ans.
Q.3.What is urbanisation ?
Ans. Development of cities and towns is known as urbanisation.
Ans. Development of cities and towns is known as urbanisation.
Q.4.‘Three historical processes have shaped modern cities in decisive ways’. What were these processes ?
Ans.The rise of industrial capitalism the establishment of colonial rule over large parts of the world and the development of colonial rule over large pans of the world.
Ans.The rise of industrial capitalism the establishment of colonial rule over large parts of the world and the development of colonial rule over large pans of the world.
Q.5.‘What factor helped in the development of ancient cities ?
Ans.Ancient cities could develop cue to an increase in food supplies which made it possible to support a wide range of non-food producers.
Ans.Ancient cities could develop cue to an increase in food supplies which made it possible to support a wide range of non-food producers.
Q.6.Name any three ancient cities.
Ans.(i) Ur
(ii) Nippur
(iii) Mohenjodaro
Ans.(i) Ur
(ii) Nippur
(iii) Mohenjodaro
Q.7.Why were the migrants attracted towards London and Manchester ?
Ans.Because Jobs were easily available to workers in the textile mills.
Ans.Because Jobs were easily available to workers in the textile mills.
Q.8.Who was Henry Mayhew ?
Ans. He was a writer and a philosopher who wrote several volumes on the London labour and compiled long lists of those who made a living from crime.
Ans. He was a writer and a philosopher who wrote several volumes on the London labour and compiled long lists of those who made a living from crime.
Q.9. Who are philanthropist ? [CBSE 2014]
Ans. Someone who works for social upliftment and charity, donating time and money for the purpose.
Ans. Someone who works for social upliftment and charity, donating time and money for the purpose.
Q.10.Mention any two steps which were taken by the government to check criminalisation of London.[CBSE 201 4]
Ans. (i)The authorities imposed high penalties for crime and offered work to those who were considered me ‘deserving poor’.
(ii) The Compulsory Elementary Education Act was passed through which the children were kept out of Industrial work.
(iii)Population of criminals was counted and their activities were watched.
Ans. (i)The authorities imposed high penalties for crime and offered work to those who were considered me ‘deserving poor’.
(ii) The Compulsory Elementary Education Act was passed through which the children were kept out of Industrial work.
(iii)Population of criminals was counted and their activities were watched.
Q.11.Who wrote The Bitter Cry of Outcast London’ ?
Ans. Andrew Mearns.
Ans. Andrew Mearns.
Q.12.Name the acts through which children were kept out of industrial work in London.
Ans. (i) Compulsory Elementary Education Act in 1870.
(ii) Various Factories Acts.
Ans. (i) Compulsory Elementary Education Act in 1870.
(ii) Various Factories Acts.
Q.13.Who conducted the First social survey of low skilled London workers ?
Ans. Charles Booth.
Ans. Charles Booth.
Q.14.What was Temperance Movement ?
Ans. A largely middle class led social reform movement which emerged in Britain and America from the nineteenth century onwards, it identified alcoholism as the cause of the nun of families and society, and aimed at reducing the consumption of alcoholic drinks particularly among the working classes.
Ans. A largely middle class led social reform movement which emerged in Britain and America from the nineteenth century onwards, it identified alcoholism as the cause of the nun of families and society, and aimed at reducing the consumption of alcoholic drinks particularly among the working classes.
Q.15.Mention any four factors responsible for increase in criminal activities in London in the 1870s.
Ans. (i) Increasing population
(ii) Low wages
(iii) Lack of education
(iv) Pushing large number of children into low paid work by their parents.
Ans. (i) Increasing population
(ii) Low wages
(iii) Lack of education
(iv) Pushing large number of children into low paid work by their parents.
Q.16.Who conducted a survey in London in 1887 ? What was its result ?
Ans. In 1887. Charles Booth conducted a survey and concluded that 1 million landowners were very poor and were expected to live only upto an average age of 29 These people were more likely to die in a workhouse, hospital or lunatic asylum.
Ans. In 1887. Charles Booth conducted a survey and concluded that 1 million landowners were very poor and were expected to live only upto an average age of 29 These people were more likely to die in a workhouse, hospital or lunatic asylum.
Q.17.Who was Ebenezer Howard ?
Ans. He was an architect and a planner who developed the idea of the garden city, a pleasant space full of plan’s and new. where people could live and work. He believed that this would also produce better quality citizens
Ans. He was an architect and a planner who developed the idea of the garden city, a pleasant space full of plan’s and new. where people could live and work. He believed that this would also produce better quality citizens
Q.18.Who developed the principle of the Garden City ?
Ans. Ebenezer Howard
Ans. Ebenezer Howard
Q.19.When was the London Underground railway started ?
Ans. The first section of the Underground railway in London opened on 10“ January. 1S63 between Paddington and Farrington street in London
Ans. The first section of the Underground railway in London opened on 10“ January. 1S63 between Paddington and Farrington street in London
Q.20.How did underground railway help in solving housing problem ?
Ans. London Underground partially solved the housing crisis by carrying large masses of people to and fro the city.
Ans. London Underground partially solved the housing crisis by carrying large masses of people to and fro the city.
Q.21.Name the presidency cities of colonial India.
Ans. Calcutta and Madras.
Ans. Calcutta and Madras.
Q.22.Mention any two factors which promoted migration to Bombay.
Ans.(i) It was the hub of trade in opium and cotton,
(ii) Bombay was also at the junction head of two major railways. The railways encouraged a large number of people to migrate into the city.
Ans.(i) It was the hub of trade in opium and cotton,
(ii) Bombay was also at the junction head of two major railways. The railways encouraged a large number of people to migrate into the city.
Q.23. Under whose control was Bombay in the 17th century ? Why the control of island passed into British hands ?
Ans. In the seventeenth century. Bombay was a group of seven islands under Portuguese control In 1661 control of the islands passed into British hands after the marriage of Britain’s King Charles II to the Portuguese princess.
Ans. In the seventeenth century. Bombay was a group of seven islands under Portuguese control In 1661 control of the islands passed into British hands after the marriage of Britain’s King Charles II to the Portuguese princess.
Q.24.How did the development or expansion of Bombay differ from London ?
Ans. (i)Bombay was overcrowded city where a person had only 9.5 square yard of space whereas it was 155 square yard in London, (i0 Bombay did not grow according to a plan whereas London grew according to a plan.
Ans. (i)Bombay was overcrowded city where a person had only 9.5 square yard of space whereas it was 155 square yard in London, (i0 Bombay did not grow according to a plan whereas London grew according to a plan.
Q.25.When did Bombay become the capital of the Bombay Presidency ?
Ans. In 1619. after the Maratha defeat in the Anglo- Maratha war.
Ans. In 1619. after the Maratha defeat in the Anglo- Maratha war.
Q.26.When was first cotton mill established in Bombay ?
Ans. 1854.
Ans. 1854.
Q.27.Name any two factors which promoted migration into Bombay.
Ans. (i) Introduction of railways.
(ii) Establishment or textile industry.
Ans. (i) Introduction of railways.
(ii) Establishment or textile industry.
Q.28.What were chawls ? (CBSE 2013. 2014]
Ans. Chawls were multistoreyed structures built Since l860s in the native parts of Bombay. These were largely owned by private landlords who were looking for quick ways of earning money from the anxious migrants. Each chawl was divided into smaller one room tenements which had no private toilets.
Ans. Chawls were multistoreyed structures built Since l860s in the native parts of Bombay. These were largely owned by private landlords who were looking for quick ways of earning money from the anxious migrants. Each chawl was divided into smaller one room tenements which had no private toilets.
Q.29.”The rapid and unplanned expansion of Bombay led to many problems-. Mention the major problems.
Ans. (i) Water crisis
(ii) Crisis of housing
(iii) Lack of space
(iv) Caste and family group dashes.
Ans. (i) Water crisis
(ii) Crisis of housing
(iii) Lack of space
(iv) Caste and family group dashes.
Q.30.’The policy of racialism was visible In the colonial cities’. Explain by giving examples.
Ans. (i) The Bombay fort area was divided between a ‘native town’ where mes o: the Indians lived and a ‘white section.’ where the Europeans lived.
(ii) A European suburb and an. industrial zone developed to the North of the fort area with a similar suburb and cantonment in the South.
Ans. (i) The Bombay fort area was divided between a ‘native town’ where mes o: the Indians lived and a ‘white section.’ where the Europeans lived.
(ii) A European suburb and an. industrial zone developed to the North of the fort area with a similar suburb and cantonment in the South.
Q.31.When and why was City of Bombay Improvement Trust established ?
Ans. The City of Bombay Improvement Trust wa> established in 1898 for clearing poorer homes out of the City centre.
Ans. The City of Bombay Improvement Trust wa> established in 1898 for clearing poorer homes out of the City centre.
Q.32.Give reason for the following :
(i) The Kent Act led to housing crisis in Bombay.
(ii) Expansion of the city has always posed a problem in Bombay.
Ans. (i)Because landlords withdrew houses from the market.
(ii)Because of scarcity of land.
(i) The Kent Act led to housing crisis in Bombay.
(ii) Expansion of the city has always posed a problem in Bombay.
Ans. (i)Because landlords withdrew houses from the market.
(ii)Because of scarcity of land.
Social Science History CBSE Class 10 Work, Life and Leisure SAQ
Q.1. Who wrote the novel ‘Debganer Martye Aagaman’ (The Gods visit Earth) ? What was the plot of the novel ? Explain.
Or
Describe in brief how did ‘The city of Calcutta’ both amaze and confuse the Gods’. [CBSE 2013]
Ans. (i) In his book Durgacharan Ray has written about the visit of Brahma (the creator) and Other Gods to Calcutta.
(ii) As Varuna the Rain God, conducted them around the capital of British India, the gods were wondersBuck by the big. modem city the train itself, the large ships 0n the river Ganges, rectories belching smoke, bridges and monuments and a dazzling a nay of shops selling a wide range of commodities, iii The gods were so impressed by the marvels of the teeming metropolis that they decided to build a Museum and a High Court in Heaven.
Or
Describe in brief how did ‘The city of Calcutta’ both amaze and confuse the Gods’. [CBSE 2013]
Ans. (i) In his book Durgacharan Ray has written about the visit of Brahma (the creator) and Other Gods to Calcutta.
(ii) As Varuna the Rain God, conducted them around the capital of British India, the gods were wondersBuck by the big. modem city the train itself, the large ships 0n the river Ganges, rectories belching smoke, bridges and monuments and a dazzling a nay of shops selling a wide range of commodities, iii The gods were so impressed by the marvels of the teeming metropolis that they decided to build a Museum and a High Court in Heaven.
Q.2. “Three historical processes have shaped modern cities in a decisive way-. Explain.
Ans. (i) The rise of industrial capitalism attracted large number of workers to cities.
(ii) The colonial rule over large parts of the world also helped in the development of cites, for example. Indian dries of Calcutta and Bombay developed because of Britishers.
(iii) Development of democratic ideals also played important role in bidding new towns and cities because these cities were needed for administrative purposes.
Ans. (i) The rise of industrial capitalism attracted large number of workers to cities.
(ii) The colonial rule over large parts of the world also helped in the development of cites, for example. Indian dries of Calcutta and Bombay developed because of Britishers.
(iii) Development of democratic ideals also played important role in bidding new towns and cities because these cities were needed for administrative purposes.
Q.3. “Industrialisation changed the form of urbanisation in the modem period”. Explain.
Or
Describe the role of industrialisation in shaping the modem cities in England. [CBSE 2014]
Ans. (i) The early industrial cities of Britain such as Leeds and Manchester attracted large number of migrants to the textile mills set up in the late eighteenth century. In 1851. more than three-quarter; of the adults living in Manchester were migrants from rural areas.
(ii) London’s doming and footwear, wood and furniture, metals and engineering, priming and stationery, etc. attracted larc-e number or skilled as well as unskilled workers
(iii) The first cotton textile mill in 3ombay was established in 1854. By 1921. there were 85 cotton mills with about 1.46.000 workers. Only about one-fourth of Bombay’s inhabitants between 1851 and 1931 were born in Bombay: the rest came from outside. Large numbers flowed in from the nearby district of Ratnagiri to work in the Bombay mills.
Or
Describe the role of industrialisation in shaping the modem cities in England. [CBSE 2014]
Ans. (i) The early industrial cities of Britain such as Leeds and Manchester attracted large number of migrants to the textile mills set up in the late eighteenth century. In 1851. more than three-quarter; of the adults living in Manchester were migrants from rural areas.
(ii) London’s doming and footwear, wood and furniture, metals and engineering, priming and stationery, etc. attracted larc-e number or skilled as well as unskilled workers
(iii) The first cotton textile mill in 3ombay was established in 1854. By 1921. there were 85 cotton mills with about 1.46.000 workers. Only about one-fourth of Bombay’s inhabitants between 1851 and 1931 were born in Bombay: the rest came from outside. Large numbers flowed in from the nearby district of Ratnagiri to work in the Bombay mills.
Q.4. What type of life were the marginal groups of London living in the 1870s ? Explain.
Ans. (i) Most of the marginal groups included unemployed migrants, women and their children.
(ii) Most of them made their living from crime.
(iii) Many of them made their living by stealing lead from roofs, food from shops, lumps of coal, and clothes drying on hedges. There were others who were more skilled at their trade, expert at their jobs. They were the cheats and tricksters, pickpockets and petty thieves crowding the streets of London.
(iv) A large number of women used their homes to increase family income by taking in lodgers or through such activities ns tailoring, washing or matchbox making,
(v)With industrialisation a large number of children were pushed into low paid work.
Ans. (i) Most of the marginal groups included unemployed migrants, women and their children.
(ii) Most of them made their living from crime.
(iii) Many of them made their living by stealing lead from roofs, food from shops, lumps of coal, and clothes drying on hedges. There were others who were more skilled at their trade, expert at their jobs. They were the cheats and tricksters, pickpockets and petty thieves crowding the streets of London.
(iv) A large number of women used their homes to increase family income by taking in lodgers or through such activities ns tailoring, washing or matchbox making,
(v)With industrialisation a large number of children were pushed into low paid work.
Q.5.What was the impact of industrialisation and urbanisation on the family in Britain in the nineteenth century ? [CBSE 2010. 2011 2012]
Ans. (i) Women gradually lost their industrial jobs and were forced to work within households,
(ii) A large number of women used their homes to increase family income by taking in lodgers.
(iii)Through the activities of tailoring, washing or matchbox making, they could increase their income. Large number of children were pushed into low paid work during this period.
Ans. (i) Women gradually lost their industrial jobs and were forced to work within households,
(ii) A large number of women used their homes to increase family income by taking in lodgers.
(iii)Through the activities of tailoring, washing or matchbox making, they could increase their income. Large number of children were pushed into low paid work during this period.
Q.6.Explain the housing problem of Londoners which occurred due to industrialisation.
Ans. A large number of people began pouring in London after the Industrial Revolution,
(ii) Factory or workshop owners did not house the migrants.
(iii) individual landowners put up cheap, and usually unsafe, tenements for the new arrivals.
(iv) Due to shortage of houses people started living in slums.
Ans. A large number of people began pouring in London after the Industrial Revolution,
(ii) Factory or workshop owners did not house the migrants.
(iii) individual landowners put up cheap, and usually unsafe, tenements for the new arrivals.
(iv) Due to shortage of houses people started living in slums.
Q.7.Mention any three steps which were taken by the government to check criminalisation of London.
Ans. (i)The authorities imposed high penalties for crime, and offered work to those who were considered the ‘deserving poor.’
(ii) The Compulsory Elementary Education Ac; and the Factories Act were passed through which the children were kept out of industrial work.
(iii) Tire population of criminals was counted and their activities were watched.
Ans. (i)The authorities imposed high penalties for crime, and offered work to those who were considered the ‘deserving poor.’
(ii) The Compulsory Elementary Education Ac; and the Factories Act were passed through which the children were kept out of industrial work.
(iii) Tire population of criminals was counted and their activities were watched.
Q.8. (i) Who conducted the First social survey of low skilled London workers ?
(ii) Mention any four factors responsible for the increase in criminal activities in London in the 1870s.
Ans. (i) Charles Booth conducted the first survey of low skilled London workers in 1887.
(ii) (a) Increasing population
(b) Low wages
(c) Lack of education
(d) Pushing large number of children into low paid work by their parents.
(ii) Mention any four factors responsible for the increase in criminal activities in London in the 1870s.
Ans. (i) Charles Booth conducted the first survey of low skilled London workers in 1887.
(ii) (a) Increasing population
(b) Low wages
(c) Lack of education
(d) Pushing large number of children into low paid work by their parents.
Q.9. Explain any three reasons for the increasing concern about the need for housing for the poor in London after the Industrial Revolution. [CHSE 2008 (Oh 2009 (F), Sept. 2010]
Or
Why were mass housing schemes planned for workers In London, after the Russian Revolution in 1917 ? Explain. [CBSE 2010 F]
Or
Why well off Londoners supported the need of building houses for the poor in the 19th century ?
[CBSE Sept. 2011. 2012]
Ans. (i) The poor and filthy living conditions of one room houses which posed a serious threat to public health.
(ii) There was danger of fire hazards.
(iii) There was a fear of social disorder or rebellion by the workers, especially after the Russian Revolution in 1917. So to prevent the London poor from turning rebellious workers’ mass housing scheme was introduced.
Or
Why were mass housing schemes planned for workers In London, after the Russian Revolution in 1917 ? Explain. [CBSE 2010 F]
Or
Why well off Londoners supported the need of building houses for the poor in the 19th century ?
[CBSE Sept. 2011. 2012]
Ans. (i) The poor and filthy living conditions of one room houses which posed a serious threat to public health.
(ii) There was danger of fire hazards.
(iii) There was a fear of social disorder or rebellion by the workers, especially after the Russian Revolution in 1917. So to prevent the London poor from turning rebellious workers’ mass housing scheme was introduced.
Q.10. Mention various measures which were taken to decongcst London in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. [CBSE. 2009 (O)]
Ans. (i) Large blocks of apartments were built
(ii) Rent control was introduced in Britain during the First World War to ease the impact of a severe housing shortage.
(iii)Between the two World Wars (1919-39) the responsibility for housing the working classes was accepted by the British state, and a million houses, most of thorn single-family cottages. were built by local authorities.
(iv) Underground railway was built in 1863 which enabled large number of people TO live outside central London.
Ans. (i) Large blocks of apartments were built
(ii) Rent control was introduced in Britain during the First World War to ease the impact of a severe housing shortage.
(iii)Between the two World Wars (1919-39) the responsibility for housing the working classes was accepted by the British state, and a million houses, most of thorn single-family cottages. were built by local authorities.
(iv) Underground railway was built in 1863 which enabled large number of people TO live outside central London.
Q.11. (i) When and where was the London underground railway started ? [CBSE 2009 (F) Sept. 2010]
(ii) How did the underground railway help in solving the housing problem ? [CBSE Sept. 2010]
Ans. The firs section of the underground railway in the world opened on 10th January. 1863 between Paddington and Farrington street in London.
(ii) (a) The London underground railway partially solved the housing crisis by carrying large masses of people to and from the city.
b) Large number of people started living outside central London.
(ii) How did the underground railway help in solving the housing problem ? [CBSE Sept. 2010]
Ans. The firs section of the underground railway in the world opened on 10th January. 1863 between Paddington and Farrington street in London.
(ii) (a) The London underground railway partially solved the housing crisis by carrying large masses of people to and from the city.
b) Large number of people started living outside central London.
Q.12. Who designed the garden city of New Earswick ? Mention its two features. [CBSE Sept. 2012]
Ans. The garden city of New Earswick was designed by Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker.
(i) There were common garden spaces, beautiful view’s, and great attention was paid to every detail.
(ii)These houses could be afforded by only well-off workers.
Ans. The garden city of New Earswick was designed by Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker.
(i) There were common garden spaces, beautiful view’s, and great attention was paid to every detail.
(ii)These houses could be afforded by only well-off workers.
Q.13. Why some people were against the London Underground Railway ? (CBSE Sept. 2012)
Ans. (i) Many fell that the “iron monsters added to the mess and unhealthiness of the city.
(ii) To make approximately two miles of railway, about 900 houses had to be destroyed.
(iii) The London Tube Railway led to a massive displacement of the London poor.
Ans. (i) Many fell that the “iron monsters added to the mess and unhealthiness of the city.
(ii) To make approximately two miles of railway, about 900 houses had to be destroyed.
(iii) The London Tube Railway led to a massive displacement of the London poor.
Q.14.What was the impact of city life on women ? Explain. [CBSE 2014]
Ans. (i) Women of the upper and middle classes in Britain, faced increasingly higher levels of isolation, although their lives were made easier by domestic maids who cooked, cleaned and cared for young children on low wages.
(ii) Women who worked for wages had some control over their lives, particularly among the lower social classes. However, many social reformers felt that the family, as an institution had broken down, and needed to be saved or reconstructed by pushing these women back into the home.
(iii) The city life was dominated by men and women who were forced to withdraw into their homes.
(iv) Most of the conservatives were against the presence of women in the public places.
Ans. (i) Women of the upper and middle classes in Britain, faced increasingly higher levels of isolation, although their lives were made easier by domestic maids who cooked, cleaned and cared for young children on low wages.
(ii) Women who worked for wages had some control over their lives, particularly among the lower social classes. However, many social reformers felt that the family, as an institution had broken down, and needed to be saved or reconstructed by pushing these women back into the home.
(iii) The city life was dominated by men and women who were forced to withdraw into their homes.
(iv) Most of the conservatives were against the presence of women in the public places.
Q.15. What were the changes in the kind of work available to women in London between the 19th and 20th centuries ? Explain the factors which led to this change.
Or
Explain giving three reasons, how women gradually lost their industrial jobs due to technological development, during the early nineteenth century in Britain. [CBSE 2009 (F) ]
Or
How the condition of women workers changed from 19th and 20th centuries in London ? [CBSE Sept. 2010]
Ans. (i) Employment in Factories : In the 18th and the 19th centuries, a large number of women were employed in the factories because during that period, most of the production activities were carried with the help of the family.
(ii)Technological Developments and loss of jobs : But with the technological advancement, women gradually lost their industrial jobs and were forced to do household work. They also tried to increase the family income by activities like tailoring, washing or matchbox making.
(iii) Employment during War : However, in the 20th century, women again started getting employed in wartime industries and offices because most of the male citizens were fighting at the front.
Or
Explain giving three reasons, how women gradually lost their industrial jobs due to technological development, during the early nineteenth century in Britain. [CBSE 2009 (F) ]
Or
How the condition of women workers changed from 19th and 20th centuries in London ? [CBSE Sept. 2010]
Ans. (i) Employment in Factories : In the 18th and the 19th centuries, a large number of women were employed in the factories because during that period, most of the production activities were carried with the help of the family.
(ii)Technological Developments and loss of jobs : But with the technological advancement, women gradually lost their industrial jobs and were forced to do household work. They also tried to increase the family income by activities like tailoring, washing or matchbox making.
(iii) Employment during War : However, in the 20th century, women again started getting employed in wartime industries and offices because most of the male citizens were fighting at the front.
Q.16.Mention the problems which the authorities faced while trying to provide pollution free environment to the people living in the cities.
Ans. (i)Factory owners and steam engine owners did not want to spend on technologies that would improve their machines.
(ii) By the 1840s. a few towns such as Derby. Leeds and Manchester had laws to control smoke in the city. But smoke was not easy to monitor or measure, and owners go! away with small adjustments to their machinery’ that did nothing to stop the smoke.
(iii) Moreover, the Smoke Abatement Acts of 1547 and 1853. as they were called, did nor always work to clear the air.
Ans. (i)Factory owners and steam engine owners did not want to spend on technologies that would improve their machines.
(ii) By the 1840s. a few towns such as Derby. Leeds and Manchester had laws to control smoke in the city. But smoke was not easy to monitor or measure, and owners go! away with small adjustments to their machinery’ that did nothing to stop the smoke.
(iii) Moreover, the Smoke Abatement Acts of 1547 and 1853. as they were called, did nor always work to clear the air.
Q.17.What is meant by the term individualism ? Explain. [CBSE 2013]
Ans. (i)Individualism is a theory which promotes the liberty, rights or independent action of the individual, rather than of the community.
(ii)This is a freedom from the collective values that were a feature of small rural communities.
(iii) Ties between members of household loosened, and among the working class the institution of marriage tended to break down.
Ans. (i)Individualism is a theory which promotes the liberty, rights or independent action of the individual, rather than of the community.
(ii)This is a freedom from the collective values that were a feature of small rural communities.
(iii) Ties between members of household loosened, and among the working class the institution of marriage tended to break down.
Q.18 Mention any three features of the London Season.
Ans. (i) The London Season evolved in the 17th and I8th centuries.
(ii)it was basically for wealthy Britshers
(iii) Several cultural events, such as the opera, the theatre, and classical music performances were organised for an elite group of 300 – 400 families
Ans. (i) The London Season evolved in the 17th and I8th centuries.
(ii)it was basically for wealthy Britshers
(iii) Several cultural events, such as the opera, the theatre, and classical music performances were organised for an elite group of 300 – 400 families
Q.19. “Cities of the 19th century also became the breeding grounds for the politics”. Explain by taking examples from London.
Ans. (i) In 1556 when outdoor work came to a standstill, the London poor exploded in a riot, demanding relief from the terrible conditions of poverty.
(ii) In 1857 once again poor came on to the streets for the similar demands.
(iii) In 1889 thousands of workers of London dockyard went on strike demanding to recognise dockworkers union.
Ans. (i) In 1556 when outdoor work came to a standstill, the London poor exploded in a riot, demanding relief from the terrible conditions of poverty.
(ii) In 1857 once again poor came on to the streets for the similar demands.
(iii) In 1889 thousands of workers of London dockyard went on strike demanding to recognise dockworkers union.
Q.20. (i) Under whose control was Bombay in the 17th century ? Why the control of island passed into the British hands?
(ii) How did the development or expansion of Bombay differ from London ? [CBSE Sept. 2012]
Ans. (i) In the seventeenth century. Bombay (Mumbai) was a group of seven islands under the Portuguese control. In 1661. the control of the islands passed into the British hands after the marriage of Britain’s King Charles II t the Portuguese princess.
(ii) (a) It was an overcrowded city where a person hod only about 9.5 square yard of space, whereas it was around 155 square yard per person in London.
(b) The city did not grow according to a plan, whereas London grew according to a plan.
(ii) How did the development or expansion of Bombay differ from London ? [CBSE Sept. 2012]
Ans. (i) In the seventeenth century. Bombay (Mumbai) was a group of seven islands under the Portuguese control. In 1661. the control of the islands passed into the British hands after the marriage of Britain’s King Charles II t the Portuguese princess.
(ii) (a) It was an overcrowded city where a person hod only about 9.5 square yard of space, whereas it was around 155 square yard per person in London.
(b) The city did not grow according to a plan, whereas London grew according to a plan.
Q.21. Give reasons for the following :
(i) The Rent Act led to the housing crisis in Bombay (Mumbai).
(ii) Expansion of the city has always posed a problem in Bombay (Mumbai).
(iii) What were chawls ?
Ans. (i) Because landlords withdrew houses from the market.
(ii) Because of the scarcity of land
(iii) Chawls were multistoreyed structures built since 1560s in the native parts of Bombay Mumbai) These were largely owned by private landlords who were looking for quick ways of earning money from the anxious migrants. Each chawl was divided into smaller one room tenements which had no private toilets.
(i) The Rent Act led to the housing crisis in Bombay (Mumbai).
(ii) Expansion of the city has always posed a problem in Bombay (Mumbai).
(iii) What were chawls ?
Ans. (i) Because landlords withdrew houses from the market.
(ii) Because of the scarcity of land
(iii) Chawls were multistoreyed structures built since 1560s in the native parts of Bombay Mumbai) These were largely owned by private landlords who were looking for quick ways of earning money from the anxious migrants. Each chawl was divided into smaller one room tenements which had no private toilets.
Q.22. Mention any three factors which promoted migration to Bombay or presently. Mumbai. [CBSE Sept. 2012. 2013]
Ans. (i)Bombay now Mumbai; was the hub of trade in opium and cotton.
(ii) Bombay (now Mumbai) was also at the junction head of two major railways. The railways encouraged a large number o! people to migrate into the city.
(iii)The establishment of textile mills.
Ans. (i)Bombay now Mumbai; was the hub of trade in opium and cotton.
(ii) Bombay (now Mumbai) was also at the junction head of two major railways. The railways encouraged a large number o! people to migrate into the city.
(iii)The establishment of textile mills.
Q.23‘The policy of racialism and discrimination was visible in the colonial cities.’ Explain by giving examples.
Ans. The Bombay (Mumbai) fort area was divided between a ‘native town’ where most of the Indians lived and a ‘white section where the Europeans lived.
(ii) A European suburb and an industrial zone developed to the North ol the fort area with a similar suburb and cantonment in the South.
(iii) The richer Parsi, Muslims and upper caste traders and industrialists of Bombay lived in sprawling spacious bungalows whereas 70% of the working people lived in chawls.
Ans. The Bombay (Mumbai) fort area was divided between a ‘native town’ where most of the Indians lived and a ‘white section where the Europeans lived.
(ii) A European suburb and an industrial zone developed to the North ol the fort area with a similar suburb and cantonment in the South.
(iii) The richer Parsi, Muslims and upper caste traders and industrialists of Bombay lived in sprawling spacious bungalows whereas 70% of the working people lived in chawls.
Q.24. Mention any four features of houses of the Bombay city which developed during the colonial period.
Ans. (i)Most of the houses were owned by private landlords.
(ii)Most of the people were living in chawls.
(iii)The houses were very small. So streets and neighbourhoods were used for a variety of activities such as cooking, washing and sleeping etc.
(iv)The richer Parsi. Muslims and upper casts traders lived in spacious bungalows.
Ans. (i)Most of the houses were owned by private landlords.
(ii)Most of the people were living in chawls.
(iii)The houses were very small. So streets and neighbourhoods were used for a variety of activities such as cooking, washing and sleeping etc.
(iv)The richer Parsi. Muslims and upper casts traders lived in spacious bungalows.
CBSE Social Science History Class 10 Work, Life and Leisure LAQ
Q.1. Mention the major characteristics of an ancient town. [CBSE Sept. 2010. 2012]
Ans. (i) The towns and the Cities that first appeared along the river valleys like Ur and Mohenjodaro were larger in scale than other human settlements.
(ii) These cities were the centres of political power, administrative network, trade and industry, religious institutions and intellectual activities.
(iii) These cities supported various social group such as artisans, merchant; and priests
(iv) These cities varied greatly in size and complexity. Some were metropolises and oilier; smaller urban centres.
(v) Industrialisation played an important role in the expansion of cities.
Ans. (i) The towns and the Cities that first appeared along the river valleys like Ur and Mohenjodaro were larger in scale than other human settlements.
(ii) These cities were the centres of political power, administrative network, trade and industry, religious institutions and intellectual activities.
(iii) These cities supported various social group such as artisans, merchant; and priests
(iv) These cities varied greatly in size and complexity. Some were metropolises and oilier; smaller urban centres.
(v) Industrialisation played an important role in the expansion of cities.
Q.2. Explain with examples how has industrialisation changed the form of urbanisation In England in the modem period.[CBSE 2010]
Ans. (i)Towns and Cities that first appeared along river valleys, such as Ur. Nippur and Mohenjodaro. were larger in scale than other human settlements.
(ii) The ancient cities could develop only when an increase in food supplies made it possible to support A wide range of non-food producers.
(iii) The cities were often the centre; of political power, administrative networks, trade and industry, religious institutions, and intellectual activity, and supported various social groups such as artisans, merchants and priests. But the industrialisation changed the form of urbanisation. The modern towns like London. Leeds. Manchester developed because they attracted large number of workers to the textile mills.
(iv) The city of London became a powerful magnet for migrant populations, even though it did not hove large factories.
Ans. (i)Towns and Cities that first appeared along river valleys, such as Ur. Nippur and Mohenjodaro. were larger in scale than other human settlements.
(ii) The ancient cities could develop only when an increase in food supplies made it possible to support A wide range of non-food producers.
(iii) The cities were often the centre; of political power, administrative networks, trade and industry, religious institutions, and intellectual activity, and supported various social groups such as artisans, merchants and priests. But the industrialisation changed the form of urbanisation. The modern towns like London. Leeds. Manchester developed because they attracted large number of workers to the textile mills.
(iv) The city of London became a powerful magnet for migrant populations, even though it did not hove large factories.
Q.3.What did historian Gareth Stedman Jones say about the ‘City of London ? [CBSE 2013]
Ans. (i) London was a city of clerks and shopkeepers.
(ii) It was a city of small masters and skilled artisans.
(in) It was a city of growing number of semi skilled and sweated out workers, of soldiers and servants, of casual labourers, street sellers and beggars.
(iv)Apart from the London dockyards, five major types of industries that employed large number of people were : Clothing and footwear, wood and furniture, metals and engineering, printing and stationery and precision products such as surgical instruments, watches and objects of precious metal.
(v) During the Fire World War. London began manufacturing motor care and electrical goods and the number of large factories increased until they accounted for nearly one- third of all jobs in the city.
Ans. (i) London was a city of clerks and shopkeepers.
(ii) It was a city of small masters and skilled artisans.
(in) It was a city of growing number of semi skilled and sweated out workers, of soldiers and servants, of casual labourers, street sellers and beggars.
(iv)Apart from the London dockyards, five major types of industries that employed large number of people were : Clothing and footwear, wood and furniture, metals and engineering, printing and stationery and precision products such as surgical instruments, watches and objects of precious metal.
(v) During the Fire World War. London began manufacturing motor care and electrical goods and the number of large factories increased until they accounted for nearly one- third of all jobs in the city.
Q.4. Explain the rise of London as a modem city.
Or
Explain the expansion of London over nineteenth century. [CBSE2008 Comp. ID]
Or
Explain any three reasons for which the population of London expanded during the 19th century. {CBSE Sept. 2010. 2011}
Ans.(i)By 1750, one out of every nine people of England and Wales lived in London. It was a colossal city with a population of about 6,75,000.
(ii)Over the nineteenth century. London continued to expand Its population multiplied fourfold in the 70 years between 1810 and I860, increasing from 1 million to about 4 million.
(iii) The city of London was a powerful magnet for migrant populations, even though it did not have large factories.
(iv) The nineteenth century London, was a city of clerks and shopkeepers, of small masters and skilled artisans, of a growing number of semi skilled and sweated out workers, of soldiers and servants, of casual labourers, street-sellers and beggars.
(v) During the First World War (1914-18). London began manufacturing motor cars and electrical goods, and the number of large factories increased until they accounted for nearly one-third of all Jobs in the city.
Or
Explain the expansion of London over nineteenth century. [CBSE2008 Comp. ID]
Or
Explain any three reasons for which the population of London expanded during the 19th century. {CBSE Sept. 2010. 2011}
Ans.(i)By 1750, one out of every nine people of England and Wales lived in London. It was a colossal city with a population of about 6,75,000.
(ii)Over the nineteenth century. London continued to expand Its population multiplied fourfold in the 70 years between 1810 and I860, increasing from 1 million to about 4 million.
(iii) The city of London was a powerful magnet for migrant populations, even though it did not have large factories.
(iv) The nineteenth century London, was a city of clerks and shopkeepers, of small masters and skilled artisans, of a growing number of semi skilled and sweated out workers, of soldiers and servants, of casual labourers, street-sellers and beggars.
(v) During the First World War (1914-18). London began manufacturing motor cars and electrical goods, and the number of large factories increased until they accounted for nearly one-third of all Jobs in the city.
Q.5. Explain any four characteristics of marginal groups in London. [CBSE Sept. 2010]
Ans. (i) Most of the poor people were criminals who lived by stealing.
(ii) A large number of women worked ir. factories in the late 18th and the early 19th century.
(iii) With technological developments, women gradually lost their industrial jobs, and were forced to work within the households, (iv) Large number of children were pushed into low-paid work by their parents.
(v) Factories employed large number of women in the late lfi1 and early 1911 century.
Ans. (i) Most of the poor people were criminals who lived by stealing.
(ii) A large number of women worked ir. factories in the late 18th and the early 19th century.
(iii) With technological developments, women gradually lost their industrial jobs, and were forced to work within the households, (iv) Large number of children were pushed into low-paid work by their parents.
(v) Factories employed large number of women in the late lfi1 and early 1911 century.
Q.6. Describe three main features of Charles Booth’s first social survey of low skilled London workers. [CBSE 2013]
Ans. (i) Charles Booth conducted the first social survey of low-skilled London workers the East End of London. He found that about 1 million Londoners i.e. about one-fifth of the population of London at the rime, were very poor.
(ii) These poor people were expected to live only upto an average age of 29 in comparison to the average life expectancy of 55 among the gentry and middle classes.
(iii) These people were more than likely to die in a workhouse, hospital or lunatic asylum.
(iv) He concluded that London needed the rebuilding of at least 4,00,000 rooms to house its poorest citizens.
(v) For a while the better-off city dwellers continued to demand that slums simply be cleared away. But gradually, a large number of people began to recognise the need for housing for the poor.
Ans. (i) Charles Booth conducted the first social survey of low-skilled London workers the East End of London. He found that about 1 million Londoners i.e. about one-fifth of the population of London at the rime, were very poor.
(ii) These poor people were expected to live only upto an average age of 29 in comparison to the average life expectancy of 55 among the gentry and middle classes.
(iii) These people were more than likely to die in a workhouse, hospital or lunatic asylum.
(iv) He concluded that London needed the rebuilding of at least 4,00,000 rooms to house its poorest citizens.
(v) For a while the better-off city dwellers continued to demand that slums simply be cleared away. But gradually, a large number of people began to recognise the need for housing for the poor.
Q 7. Explain any five steps taken to clean up London in the 19th century. [CBSE 2010 (D). Sept. 2010. 11. 12. 13]
Ans. (i) Housing problem: The most important problem of London was housing the migrants. To house the new migrants and workers large block of apartments were built.
(ii) Principle of Garden City and Green Belt: Architect and planner Ebenezer Howard developed the principle of the Garden city, a pleasant space full of plants and trees, where people would both live ar.c work. Many architects also supported the idea of Green Belt around London
(iii) Housing and British government: Between the two World Wars (1919-391 the responsibility for housing the working classes was accepted by the British state, and a million houses, most of them single – family- cottages. were built by local authorities. Meanwhile, the City had extended beyond the range where people could walk to work, and the development of suburbs made new forms of mass transport absolutely necessary.
(iv) New transport system: The London underground railway was built to carry- people to arid fro the city. As a result the population of the city became more dispersed.
(v) Control over Criminalisation: To check the growth of criminalisation. the population of criminals was counted, their activities ware watched, and their ways of life were investigated. In an attempt to discipline the population, the authorities imposed high penalties for crime and offered work to those who were considered the deserving poor.
Ans. (i) Housing problem: The most important problem of London was housing the migrants. To house the new migrants and workers large block of apartments were built.
(ii) Principle of Garden City and Green Belt: Architect and planner Ebenezer Howard developed the principle of the Garden city, a pleasant space full of plants and trees, where people would both live ar.c work. Many architects also supported the idea of Green Belt around London
(iii) Housing and British government: Between the two World Wars (1919-391 the responsibility for housing the working classes was accepted by the British state, and a million houses, most of them single – family- cottages. were built by local authorities. Meanwhile, the City had extended beyond the range where people could walk to work, and the development of suburbs made new forms of mass transport absolutely necessary.
(iv) New transport system: The London underground railway was built to carry- people to arid fro the city. As a result the population of the city became more dispersed.
(v) Control over Criminalisation: To check the growth of criminalisation. the population of criminals was counted, their activities ware watched, and their ways of life were investigated. In an attempt to discipline the population, the authorities imposed high penalties for crime and offered work to those who were considered the deserving poor.
Q.8. “The function and the shape of the family were completely transformed by life in the industrial city”. Explain by giving examples. [CBSE Sept. 2014]
Ans. (i) Family In the 18th century: In the 18th century, (under proto- industralisation) the family had been a unit of production and consumption as well as of political decision making
(ii) Family under industrialisation: Ties between members of households loosened, and among the working class the institution of marriage tended to break down. Women of the upper and middle daises in Britain, on Use other hand, fared increasingly higher levels of isolation, although their Lives were made easier by domestic maids who cooked, cleaned and cared for young children on low wages.
(iii) Individualism: The city no doubt encouraged a new spirit of individualism among both men and women, and a freedom from the collective values that were a feature of the smaller rural communities
(iv) Family and role of women: Men and women did not have equal access to this new urban space As women lost their industrial jobs and conservative people railed again?: their presence in public spaces women were forced to withdraw into their homes. The public space became increasingly a male preserve, and the domestic sphere was seen as the proper place for women Most political movements of the nineteenth centuiy. such as Chartism (a movement demanding the vote for all adult males) and the 10-hour movement (limiting hours of work in factories), mobilised large number of men Only gradually did women come to participate in political movements for suffrage that demanded the right to vote for women or for named women’s right to property.
(v) Family and market: By the 20th century family now consisted of much smaller units but it became the heart of new market of goods and services and of ideas.
Ans. (i) Family In the 18th century: In the 18th century, (under proto- industralisation) the family had been a unit of production and consumption as well as of political decision making
(ii) Family under industrialisation: Ties between members of households loosened, and among the working class the institution of marriage tended to break down. Women of the upper and middle daises in Britain, on Use other hand, fared increasingly higher levels of isolation, although their Lives were made easier by domestic maids who cooked, cleaned and cared for young children on low wages.
(iii) Individualism: The city no doubt encouraged a new spirit of individualism among both men and women, and a freedom from the collective values that were a feature of the smaller rural communities
(iv) Family and role of women: Men and women did not have equal access to this new urban space As women lost their industrial jobs and conservative people railed again?: their presence in public spaces women were forced to withdraw into their homes. The public space became increasingly a male preserve, and the domestic sphere was seen as the proper place for women Most political movements of the nineteenth centuiy. such as Chartism (a movement demanding the vote for all adult males) and the 10-hour movement (limiting hours of work in factories), mobilised large number of men Only gradually did women come to participate in political movements for suffrage that demanded the right to vote for women or for named women’s right to property.
(v) Family and market: By the 20th century family now consisted of much smaller units but it became the heart of new market of goods and services and of ideas.
Q.9. When and where was the very first section of the underground railway in the world opened ? Describe in brief the difficulties of travelling in that underground railway ? (CBSE 2010 (O), Sept. 2012)
Ans. The first section of the underground railway :n the world was opened on 10th January, 1863 between Paddington and Farrington street in London.
(i)People were afraid to travel under ground.
(ii)The compartments were overcrowded and polluted by smoke.
(iii) The atmosphere was a mixture of sulphur, coal and dust with foul fumes from the gas lamps.
(iv)Many felt that the iron monsters added to the mess and unhealthiness of the city,
(v)Suffocation due to lack of oxygen supply and heat.
Ans. The first section of the underground railway :n the world was opened on 10th January, 1863 between Paddington and Farrington street in London.
(i)People were afraid to travel under ground.
(ii)The compartments were overcrowded and polluted by smoke.
(iii) The atmosphere was a mixture of sulphur, coal and dust with foul fumes from the gas lamps.
(iv)Many felt that the iron monsters added to the mess and unhealthiness of the city,
(v)Suffocation due to lack of oxygen supply and heat.
Q.10. ‘The London underground railway eventually became a huge success.’ Explain.
Or
How far was underground railway able to solve transport problems as well as housing crisis in London in nineteenth century ? [CBSE 2009 (F)]
Ans. (i) By 1880 the expanded train service was carrying about 40 million passengers a year.
(ii)By the 20th century most of large metropolises such as New York, Tokyo, etc. built underground railway.
(iii) Population in the city became more dispersed as now it was easy to travel.
(iv) The new transport system broke down social distinctions.
(v)The severe housing shortage problems of London to some extent were solved
Or
How far was underground railway able to solve transport problems as well as housing crisis in London in nineteenth century ? [CBSE 2009 (F)]
Ans. (i) By 1880 the expanded train service was carrying about 40 million passengers a year.
(ii)By the 20th century most of large metropolises such as New York, Tokyo, etc. built underground railway.
(iii) Population in the city became more dispersed as now it was easy to travel.
(iv) The new transport system broke down social distinctions.
(v)The severe housing shortage problems of London to some extent were solved
Q.11. What were the sources of leisure for the London city life? [CBSE Sept. 2012]
Or
What was the tradition of ‘London Season’ ? Explain different forms of entertainment that came up in 19th century England to provide leisure activities for the people ? (CBSE 2009 (0))
What forms of entertainment came up in the 19th century in England to provide leisure activities ?
[CBSE Sept. 2010. 2013]
Or
Mow did the people entertain themselves in their leisure time in urban Britain in the 19th century ? [CBSE Sept. 2010]
Or
How did the people of all classes entertain themselves in their leisure time in Urban Britain after industrialisation ? (CBSE Sept. 2011)
Ans. (i) London Season : For wealthy Britishers there had long been an annual ‘London Season. Several cultural events, such as the opera, the theatre and the classical music performances were organised for an elite group of 300-400 families in the late eighteenth century.
(ii) Pleasure gardens : Pleasure gardens came in the 19th century to provide facilities for sports,entertainment and refreshments for the well-to-do.
(iii) Pubs for working class : Working classes met in pubs to have a drink: exchange news and sometimes, also to organise for political action.
(iii) Libraries and museums : Libraries, art galleries and museums were established in the nineteenth century to provide people with a sense of history and pride in the achievements of the British.
(iv) Music halls and cinemas : Music hails were popular among the lower classes and, by the early twentieth century, cinema became the great mass entertainment for the mixed audiences
(vi) Beaches : British industrial workers were increasingly encouraged to spend their holidays by the sea. so as to derive the benefits of the sun and the bracing winds
Or
What was the tradition of ‘London Season’ ? Explain different forms of entertainment that came up in 19th century England to provide leisure activities for the people ? (CBSE 2009 (0))
What forms of entertainment came up in the 19th century in England to provide leisure activities ?
[CBSE Sept. 2010. 2013]
Or
Mow did the people entertain themselves in their leisure time in urban Britain in the 19th century ? [CBSE Sept. 2010]
Or
How did the people of all classes entertain themselves in their leisure time in Urban Britain after industrialisation ? (CBSE Sept. 2011)
Ans. (i) London Season : For wealthy Britishers there had long been an annual ‘London Season. Several cultural events, such as the opera, the theatre and the classical music performances were organised for an elite group of 300-400 families in the late eighteenth century.
(ii) Pleasure gardens : Pleasure gardens came in the 19th century to provide facilities for sports,entertainment and refreshments for the well-to-do.
(iii) Pubs for working class : Working classes met in pubs to have a drink: exchange news and sometimes, also to organise for political action.
(iii) Libraries and museums : Libraries, art galleries and museums were established in the nineteenth century to provide people with a sense of history and pride in the achievements of the British.
(iv) Music halls and cinemas : Music hails were popular among the lower classes and, by the early twentieth century, cinema became the great mass entertainment for the mixed audiences
(vi) Beaches : British industrial workers were increasingly encouraged to spend their holidays by the sea. so as to derive the benefits of the sun and the bracing winds
Q.12. Explain the lifestyle of workers of mid-nineteenth century in Britain.
Ans. (i) Seasonal work : In most of the industries, the demand for labour was seasonal. The actual possibility of getting a job depended on existing networks of friendship and kin relations.
(ii) Low wages : The workers were getting very low wages.At the best of times till the mid-nineteenth century, about 10% of the population was extremely poor.
(iii) Women workers : Factories employed large number of women. With technological development women gradually lost their industrial jobs.
(iv) Problem of Housing : Most of the workers were living in slums. Factory or workshop owners did not house the migrant workers,
(v) Source of Fun and Leisure : For the poor workers the streets often were the only place for rest, leisure and fun. The working poor created spaces of entertainment wherever they lived.
Ans. (i) Seasonal work : In most of the industries, the demand for labour was seasonal. The actual possibility of getting a job depended on existing networks of friendship and kin relations.
(ii) Low wages : The workers were getting very low wages.At the best of times till the mid-nineteenth century, about 10% of the population was extremely poor.
(iii) Women workers : Factories employed large number of women. With technological development women gradually lost their industrial jobs.
(iv) Problem of Housing : Most of the workers were living in slums. Factory or workshop owners did not house the migrant workers,
(v) Source of Fun and Leisure : For the poor workers the streets often were the only place for rest, leisure and fun. The working poor created spaces of entertainment wherever they lived.
Q.13. ‘A large city population was thus both a threat and an opportunity.’ Explain.
Ans. A large city population led to development of new means of transportation.
(i) A large city population provided a wide market to the industry.
(ii) In the severe winter of 1886. when outdoor work came to a standstill, the London poor exploded in a riot, demanding relief from the terrible conditions of poverty. Alarmed shopkeepers closed down their establishments, fearing the 10,000-strong crowd that was marching from Deptford to London. The marchers had to be dispersed by the police.
(iii) A similar not occurred in late 1SS7. This rime, it was brutally suppressed by the police in what came to be known as ihe Bloody Sunday of November 1887.
Ans. A large city population led to development of new means of transportation.
(i) A large city population provided a wide market to the industry.
(ii) In the severe winter of 1886. when outdoor work came to a standstill, the London poor exploded in a riot, demanding relief from the terrible conditions of poverty. Alarmed shopkeepers closed down their establishments, fearing the 10,000-strong crowd that was marching from Deptford to London. The marchers had to be dispersed by the police.
(iii) A similar not occurred in late 1SS7. This rime, it was brutally suppressed by the police in what came to be known as ihe Bloody Sunday of November 1887.
Q.14. “City development everywhere occurred at the expense of ecology”. Justify.
“City development everywhere occured at the expense of ecology and the environment.” Explain.
Ans. (i) To develop Cities natural features were flattened out or transformed in response to the growing demand for space tor factories, housing and other institutions.
(ii) Large quantities of refuse and waste products polluted air and water, while excessive noise became a feature of urban life.
(iii) The widespread use of coal in homes and industries in nineteenth century England raised serious problems. In industrial cities such as Leeds, Bradford and Manchester, hundreds of factory chimneys spewed black smoke into the skies.
(iv) Shopkeepers, home owners and others complained about the black fog that descended on their towns, causing bad tampers, smoke-related illnesses, and dirty clothes.
(v) The vast mass of one room houses occupied by the poor wore a serious threat to public health.
“City development everywhere occured at the expense of ecology and the environment.” Explain.
Ans. (i) To develop Cities natural features were flattened out or transformed in response to the growing demand for space tor factories, housing and other institutions.
(ii) Large quantities of refuse and waste products polluted air and water, while excessive noise became a feature of urban life.
(iii) The widespread use of coal in homes and industries in nineteenth century England raised serious problems. In industrial cities such as Leeds, Bradford and Manchester, hundreds of factory chimneys spewed black smoke into the skies.
(iv) Shopkeepers, home owners and others complained about the black fog that descended on their towns, causing bad tampers, smoke-related illnesses, and dirty clothes.
(v) The vast mass of one room houses occupied by the poor wore a serious threat to public health.
Q.15. Describe in brief the development of Bombay (Mumbai) as the Prime city of India.
Ans. (i) In the seventeenth century. Bombay was a group of seven islands under Portuguese control. In 1661. control of the islands passed into British hands after the marriage of Britain’s King Charles II to the Portuguese princess.
(ii) The East India Company quickly shifted its base from Surat, its principal western port, to Bombay.
(iii) At first Bombay was the major outlet for cotton textiles from Gujarat.
(iv) Later, in the nineteenth century, the city functioned as a port through which large quantities of raw materials such as cotton and opium would pass.
(v) Gradually, it also became an important administrative centre in western India, and then, by the end of the nineteenth century, a major industrial centre.
(vi) Bombay became the capital of the Bombay Presidency in 1819 after the Maratha defeat in the Anglo – Maratha war. The city quickly expanded. With the growth of trade in cotton and opium, large communities of traders and bankers as well os artisans and shopkeepers came to settle in Bombay. The establishment of textile mills led to a fresh surge ill migration.
Ans. (i) In the seventeenth century. Bombay was a group of seven islands under Portuguese control. In 1661. control of the islands passed into British hands after the marriage of Britain’s King Charles II to the Portuguese princess.
(ii) The East India Company quickly shifted its base from Surat, its principal western port, to Bombay.
(iii) At first Bombay was the major outlet for cotton textiles from Gujarat.
(iv) Later, in the nineteenth century, the city functioned as a port through which large quantities of raw materials such as cotton and opium would pass.
(v) Gradually, it also became an important administrative centre in western India, and then, by the end of the nineteenth century, a major industrial centre.
(vi) Bombay became the capital of the Bombay Presidency in 1819 after the Maratha defeat in the Anglo – Maratha war. The city quickly expanded. With the growth of trade in cotton and opium, large communities of traders and bankers as well os artisans and shopkeepers came to settle in Bombay. The establishment of textile mills led to a fresh surge ill migration.
Q.16. Explain the factors which led to the expansion of Bombay.
Or
Explain what led to the expansion of Bombay’s population in the mid 19th century.
Ans. (i) Bombay as capital city : Bombay became the capital of the Bombay Presidency in 1519. after the Maratha defeat in the Anglo – Maratha war. The city quickly expanded. With the growth of trade in cotton and opium, large communities of traders and bankers as well as artisans and shopkeepers came to settle in Bombay.
(ii) Industrialisation: The establishment of textile mills led to a fresh surge in migration. The first cotton textile mill in Bombay was established in 1854. By 1921, there were So cotton mills with about 1,46,000 workers. Only about one-fourth of Bombay’s inhabitants between 1881 and 1931 were born in Bombay ,the rest came from outside. Large numbers flowed in from the nearby district of Ratnagiri to work in the Bombay mills.
(iii) Introduction of railways: The first railway was introduced from Bombay to Thane in 1853 It was at the junction head of two major railways. The development of railway encouraged an even higher scale of migration into the city.
(iv) Famines: Famines in the dry regions of Kutch drove large number of people into Bombay in 1888-89. The flood of migrants in some years created panic and alarm in official circles.
(e) Bombay as a film city: By 1925. Bombay had become India’s film capital. Most of the people in the film industry were themselves migrants who came from cities like Lahore. Calcutta. Madras, etc
Or
Explain what led to the expansion of Bombay’s population in the mid 19th century.
Ans. (i) Bombay as capital city : Bombay became the capital of the Bombay Presidency in 1519. after the Maratha defeat in the Anglo – Maratha war. The city quickly expanded. With the growth of trade in cotton and opium, large communities of traders and bankers as well as artisans and shopkeepers came to settle in Bombay.
(ii) Industrialisation: The establishment of textile mills led to a fresh surge in migration. The first cotton textile mill in Bombay was established in 1854. By 1921, there were So cotton mills with about 1,46,000 workers. Only about one-fourth of Bombay’s inhabitants between 1881 and 1931 were born in Bombay ,the rest came from outside. Large numbers flowed in from the nearby district of Ratnagiri to work in the Bombay mills.
(iii) Introduction of railways: The first railway was introduced from Bombay to Thane in 1853 It was at the junction head of two major railways. The development of railway encouraged an even higher scale of migration into the city.
(iv) Famines: Famines in the dry regions of Kutch drove large number of people into Bombay in 1888-89. The flood of migrants in some years created panic and alarm in official circles.
(e) Bombay as a film city: By 1925. Bombay had become India’s film capital. Most of the people in the film industry were themselves migrants who came from cities like Lahore. Calcutta. Madras, etc
Q.17. What were chawls? Mention major features of chawls.
Or
The chawls ol Bombay were a small cosmopolitan community in themselves. Explain. [CBSE 2014]
Ans.(i) Chawls were multi storeyed structure had been built from atleast the l860s in the native parts of the town.
(ii) Like the tenements in London, these houses were largely owned by private landlords, such as merchants, bankers, and building contractors, looking for quick ways of earning money from anxious migrants.
(iii) Each chawl was divided into smaller one- room tenements which had no private toiler.
(iv) Ttiete was an open, space in the middle of chawls for social and cultural gatherings.
(v) People who belonged to the ‘depressed classes’ found it even more difficult to find housing. Lower castes were kept out of many chawls and often had to live in shelters made of corrugated sheets, leaves, or bamboo poles.
Or
The chawls ol Bombay were a small cosmopolitan community in themselves. Explain. [CBSE 2014]
Ans.(i) Chawls were multi storeyed structure had been built from atleast the l860s in the native parts of the town.
(ii) Like the tenements in London, these houses were largely owned by private landlords, such as merchants, bankers, and building contractors, looking for quick ways of earning money from anxious migrants.
(iii) Each chawl was divided into smaller one- room tenements which had no private toiler.
(iv) Ttiete was an open, space in the middle of chawls for social and cultural gatherings.
(v) People who belonged to the ‘depressed classes’ found it even more difficult to find housing. Lower castes were kept out of many chawls and often had to live in shelters made of corrugated sheets, leaves, or bamboo poles.
Q.18. Explain the housing problem of Bombay (Mumbai).
Ans. (i) Bombay (Mumbai) was a crowded city because a person living in Bombay had a mere 9.5 square yards of space
(ii) About 70 per cent of the working people lived in the thickly populated chawls of Bombay (Mumbai). Chawls were multi storeyed structures, built since 1860s in the native parts of the town.
(iii) The homes were small, so the streets and neighbourhood were used for a variety of activities and social functions.
(iv)People belonging to the depressed classes, found ft very difficult to find houses.
Ans. (i) Bombay (Mumbai) was a crowded city because a person living in Bombay had a mere 9.5 square yards of space
(ii) About 70 per cent of the working people lived in the thickly populated chawls of Bombay (Mumbai). Chawls were multi storeyed structures, built since 1860s in the native parts of the town.
(iii) The homes were small, so the streets and neighbourhood were used for a variety of activities and social functions.
(iv)People belonging to the depressed classes, found ft very difficult to find houses.
Q.19. Explain the various land reclamation projects launched in Bombay (Mumbai) which helped in its expansion. [CBSE Sept 2010. 2011]
Or
Throw light on some of the land reclamation projects of Bombay.[CBSE Sept. 2010. 2012]
Ans. (i)A project was launched in 1754 to join the seven islands of Bombay into one landmass. Then the Governor of Bombay. William Hornby approved the building of the great sea wall to prevent the Hooding of The low lying areas of Bombay,
(ii) In 1864. the Back Bay Reclamation Company won the right to reclaim the western foreshore from the tip of Malabar Hill to the end of Colaba Most of the hills were levelled by the company to construct buildings.
(iii) By the 1870s, although most of the private companies closed down duo to the mounting cost, the city had expanded to about 22 square miles.
(iv) The Bombay Port Trust, also launched a reclamation project to build a dry dock between 1914 and 1918 The Trust used the excavated earth to create the 22 acre Ballard Estate. Subsequently, the famous Marine Drive of Bombay (Mumbai) was developed.
Or
Throw light on some of the land reclamation projects of Bombay.[CBSE Sept. 2010. 2012]
Ans. (i)A project was launched in 1754 to join the seven islands of Bombay into one landmass. Then the Governor of Bombay. William Hornby approved the building of the great sea wall to prevent the Hooding of The low lying areas of Bombay,
(ii) In 1864. the Back Bay Reclamation Company won the right to reclaim the western foreshore from the tip of Malabar Hill to the end of Colaba Most of the hills were levelled by the company to construct buildings.
(iii) By the 1870s, although most of the private companies closed down duo to the mounting cost, the city had expanded to about 22 square miles.
(iv) The Bombay Port Trust, also launched a reclamation project to build a dry dock between 1914 and 1918 The Trust used the excavated earth to create the 22 acre Ballard Estate. Subsequently, the famous Marine Drive of Bombay (Mumbai) was developed.
Q 20 Why is Mumbai (Bombay) known as the city of dreams ? Give three reasons. [CBSE 2008(D) 2010. 2011]
Or
“Bombay appears to many as a city of dreams-Mayapuri.- Explain by giving examples. [CBSE Sept. 2010]
Ans. (i) Film industry : Bombay film industry has contributed in a big way to produce an —age of City as a blend of dream and reality, it is Indias film capital providing employment to more than 10 lakh people.
Most of the people in the film industry were themselves migrants and became successful. This has encouraged more migration.
(ii) Employment : Bombay is one of the most important industrial towns of India providing employment to skilled, and unskilled workers. It also provides employment lo women workers.
(iii) Spacious bungalows : Film producers heroes and industrialists live in sprawling spacious bungalows which attract large number of migrants to the city.
Or
“Bombay appears to many as a city of dreams-Mayapuri.- Explain by giving examples. [CBSE Sept. 2010]
Ans. (i) Film industry : Bombay film industry has contributed in a big way to produce an —age of City as a blend of dream and reality, it is Indias film capital providing employment to more than 10 lakh people.
Most of the people in the film industry were themselves migrants and became successful. This has encouraged more migration.
(ii) Employment : Bombay is one of the most important industrial towns of India providing employment to skilled, and unskilled workers. It also provides employment lo women workers.
(iii) Spacious bungalows : Film producers heroes and industrialists live in sprawling spacious bungalows which attract large number of migrants to the city.
Q-21. Why is Bombay (Mumbai) known as the city of hardship? {CBSE Sep:. 2011}
Ans. (i) Housing problems : Bombay Mumbai is a crowded city. Rich, traders, film producers, etc., live in sprawling spacious bungalows whereas 70% of the working people live in thickly populated chawls.
(ii) Class division : People who belonged to the depressed classes found it difficult to find housing. Lower castes were kept out of many chawls.
(iii) Film industry : Many Bombay (Mumbai films dealt with the arrival in the city of new migrants and their encounters with the real pressures of daily life.
(iv) Pollution : City development everywhere occurred at the expense of ecology and the environment Natural features were flattened out or transformed in response to the growing demand for space for factories, housing and other institutions. Large quantities of refuse and waste products polluted air and water, while excessive none became a regular feature of urban life
(v) Wide gap between rich and poor : Bombay Fort area which formed the heart of the city in early 1 SCO’s was divided between a native loan where most of the Indians lived, and a European or white section’. The gap between natives and whites and rich was poor was very wide.
Ans. (i) Housing problems : Bombay Mumbai is a crowded city. Rich, traders, film producers, etc., live in sprawling spacious bungalows whereas 70% of the working people live in thickly populated chawls.
(ii) Class division : People who belonged to the depressed classes found it difficult to find housing. Lower castes were kept out of many chawls.
(iii) Film industry : Many Bombay (Mumbai films dealt with the arrival in the city of new migrants and their encounters with the real pressures of daily life.
(iv) Pollution : City development everywhere occurred at the expense of ecology and the environment Natural features were flattened out or transformed in response to the growing demand for space for factories, housing and other institutions. Large quantities of refuse and waste products polluted air and water, while excessive none became a regular feature of urban life
(v) Wide gap between rich and poor : Bombay Fort area which formed the heart of the city in early 1 SCO’s was divided between a native loan where most of the Indians lived, and a European or white section’. The gap between natives and whites and rich was poor was very wide.
Q.22. Explain the social life of people living In Bombay (Mumbai).
Or
Highlight the principal features of the social life of people living in Bombay.
Ans. (i) Overcrowded city: Bombay was a crowded city. While every Londoner in the :840s enjoyed an average space of 155 square yards. Bombay had a mere 9.5 square yards. By 1872. when London had an average of 8 persons per house, the density in Bombay was as high as 20
(ii) Separate living areas for the natives and the white: The Bombay Fort area which formed the heart of the city in the early 1800s was divided between a ‘native’ town, where most of the indians lived, and a European or ‘while section. A European suburb and an industrial zone began to develop to the north of the Fort settlement area, with a similar suburb and cantonment in the south.
(iii) Living space for the rich: Like the European elite, the richer Parsi. Muslim and upper case traders and industrialists of Bombay lived in sprawling, spacious bungalows In contrast, more than 70 per cent of the working people lived in the thickly populated chawls of Bombay.
(iv) Life in chawls: More than 70 per cent of the working people lived in the thickly populated chawls of Bombay.
(v) Depressed classes and housing problem: People who belonged to the ‘depressed classes’ found it even more difficult to find housing. Lower castes were kept out of many chawls and often had to live in shelters made of corrugated sheets, leaves, or bamboo poles.
Or
Highlight the principal features of the social life of people living in Bombay.
Ans. (i) Overcrowded city: Bombay was a crowded city. While every Londoner in the :840s enjoyed an average space of 155 square yards. Bombay had a mere 9.5 square yards. By 1872. when London had an average of 8 persons per house, the density in Bombay was as high as 20
(ii) Separate living areas for the natives and the white: The Bombay Fort area which formed the heart of the city in the early 1800s was divided between a ‘native’ town, where most of the indians lived, and a European or ‘while section. A European suburb and an industrial zone began to develop to the north of the Fort settlement area, with a similar suburb and cantonment in the south.
(iii) Living space for the rich: Like the European elite, the richer Parsi. Muslim and upper case traders and industrialists of Bombay lived in sprawling, spacious bungalows In contrast, more than 70 per cent of the working people lived in the thickly populated chawls of Bombay.
(iv) Life in chawls: More than 70 per cent of the working people lived in the thickly populated chawls of Bombay.
(v) Depressed classes and housing problem: People who belonged to the ‘depressed classes’ found it even more difficult to find housing. Lower castes were kept out of many chawls and often had to live in shelters made of corrugated sheets, leaves, or bamboo poles.
Q.23.How was the social life of the people transformed because of city life ? Explain.
Or
How was the condition of urban family transformed by the 20th century ? [CBSE 2013]
Ans. (i)City life and the migrants : The new dries attracted large number of migrants. As there was shortage of work so many of them made a living from crime.
(ii) City life and children : Large number of children were pushed into low paid work, often by their parents. As they were underpaid so many of them also .Mailed making their living from crime, it was only after the passage of -he compulsory Elementary Education Act in 1870 and the Factories Act that children were kept out of industrial work.
(iii) Industrialisation and life of workers : The abundance of labour in the market affected the lives of worker As news of possible jobs travelled to the countryside, hundreds tramped to the c:ties. Many job classmate seekers had to wait weeks, spending nights under bridges or in night shelter.
(iv) City life and individualism : The city no doubt encouraged a new spirit of individualism among both men and women, and a freedom from the collective values that were a feature of the smaller rural communities.
(v) City life and women : Men and women did not have equal access to this new urban space. As women lost their industrial jobs and conservative people railed against their presence in public spaces, women were forced to withdraw into Shier homes The public space became increasingly a male preserve, and the domestic sphere was seen as the proper place for women.
Or
How was the condition of urban family transformed by the 20th century ? [CBSE 2013]
Ans. (i)City life and the migrants : The new dries attracted large number of migrants. As there was shortage of work so many of them made a living from crime.
(ii) City life and children : Large number of children were pushed into low paid work, often by their parents. As they were underpaid so many of them also .Mailed making their living from crime, it was only after the passage of -he compulsory Elementary Education Act in 1870 and the Factories Act that children were kept out of industrial work.
(iii) Industrialisation and life of workers : The abundance of labour in the market affected the lives of worker As news of possible jobs travelled to the countryside, hundreds tramped to the c:ties. Many job classmate seekers had to wait weeks, spending nights under bridges or in night shelter.
(iv) City life and individualism : The city no doubt encouraged a new spirit of individualism among both men and women, and a freedom from the collective values that were a feature of the smaller rural communities.
(v) City life and women : Men and women did not have equal access to this new urban space. As women lost their industrial jobs and conservative people railed against their presence in public spaces, women were forced to withdraw into Shier homes The public space became increasingly a male preserve, and the domestic sphere was seen as the proper place for women.
Q.24. “Bombay films, have contributed in a big way to produce an image of the city as a blend of dream and reality, of slums and star bungalows.’ Explain.
Ans. (i) Film industry : Bombay (Mumbai has always been associated with the film industry, and is popular as a city of dreams. The film industry provides employment to more than 10 lakh people.
Many Bombay films deal with the arrival in the city of new migrants and their encounters with the real pressures of daily life.
(ii) Songs : Some popular songs from the Bombay film industry also speak about city’s life. For example, a song from ‘Guest House (1959) ; ‘Jiska juta usika sar,dil hai chote beda shahor,re vah re vah teri Bombia’ (Bombay, you city what a place ! Here one gets beaten with one’s own shoes! The city is big but peoples hearts are small!)
(iii) Migrants and Film Industry: Most of the people in the film industry were themselves migrants who came from cities like Lahore, Calcutta (Kolkata),Madras Chennai and contributed to the national character of tint industry. Those, who came from Lahore and Punjab, were especially important for the development of the Hindi film industry Many famous writers, like Ismat Chughtai and Saadat Hasan Manto, were associated with the popular Hindi Cinema.
(iv) Big spacious bungalows : Most of me industrialists, film producers, heroes and rich people live in sprawling spacious bungalows which attract large number of people.
Ans. (i) Film industry : Bombay (Mumbai has always been associated with the film industry, and is popular as a city of dreams. The film industry provides employment to more than 10 lakh people.
Many Bombay films deal with the arrival in the city of new migrants and their encounters with the real pressures of daily life.
(ii) Songs : Some popular songs from the Bombay film industry also speak about city’s life. For example, a song from ‘Guest House (1959) ; ‘Jiska juta usika sar,dil hai chote beda shahor,re vah re vah teri Bombia’ (Bombay, you city what a place ! Here one gets beaten with one’s own shoes! The city is big but peoples hearts are small!)
(iii) Migrants and Film Industry: Most of the people in the film industry were themselves migrants who came from cities like Lahore, Calcutta (Kolkata),Madras Chennai and contributed to the national character of tint industry. Those, who came from Lahore and Punjab, were especially important for the development of the Hindi film industry Many famous writers, like Ismat Chughtai and Saadat Hasan Manto, were associated with the popular Hindi Cinema.
(iv) Big spacious bungalows : Most of me industrialists, film producers, heroes and rich people live in sprawling spacious bungalows which attract large number of people.
Q.25. Explain the major features of the cities of colonial India.
Ans. (i) The pace of urbanisation was slow under the colonial rule Till the early 20th century, approximately only 11 per cent of Indians were living in cities, and most of these were from the three Presidency cities.
(ii) These were multifunctional cities because they had major ports, warehouses, homes and offices, army comps, educational institutions, museums and libraries.
(iii)Bombay (Mumbai) was the Premier city of India and it expanded rapidly.
Ans. (i) The pace of urbanisation was slow under the colonial rule Till the early 20th century, approximately only 11 per cent of Indians were living in cities, and most of these were from the three Presidency cities.
(ii) These were multifunctional cities because they had major ports, warehouses, homes and offices, army comps, educational institutions, museums and libraries.
(iii)Bombay (Mumbai) was the Premier city of India and it expanded rapidly.
CBSE Class 10 Social Science History Work, Life and Leisure HOTS
Q.1. (a) What were Chawls ?
(b) Mention any two features of Chawls.
Ans. (a) Chawls were multistoreyed structures which had been built from at least the 1860’s in the “native’ parts of the town
(b) These houses were largely owned by I private landlords, such as merchants, bankers and building contractors looking for quick ways of earning money from anxious migrants.
(b) Mention any two features of Chawls.
Ans. (a) Chawls were multistoreyed structures which had been built from at least the 1860’s in the “native’ parts of the town
(b) These houses were largely owned by I private landlords, such as merchants, bankers and building contractors looking for quick ways of earning money from anxious migrants.
Q.2.Compare Bombay (Mumbai) and London keeping in mind the following points.
(i) Average space for each person.
(ii) No. of persons living in a house.
(iii) Underground railway.
Ans.(i) While every landowner in the 1840s enjoyed an average space of 165 square yards. Bombay (Mumbai) had a mere 9.5 square yards.
(ii) By 1872. when London had an average of S persons per house, the density in Bombay was as high as 20.
(iii) The first section of the underground railway in the world was opened on 10th January,1863 between Paddington and Farrington street in London Low underground railway in Bombay was constructed.
(i) Average space for each person.
(ii) No. of persons living in a house.
(iii) Underground railway.
Ans.(i) While every landowner in the 1840s enjoyed an average space of 165 square yards. Bombay (Mumbai) had a mere 9.5 square yards.
(ii) By 1872. when London had an average of S persons per house, the density in Bombay was as high as 20.
(iii) The first section of the underground railway in the world was opened on 10th January,1863 between Paddington and Farrington street in London Low underground railway in Bombay was constructed.
Q.3.Describe the development of film industry in Bombay. [CBSE. 2013]
Ans. (i) Harishchandra Sakharam Bhatwardekar produced India’s first movie in 1896. This was a scene of a wrestling match in Bombay’s Hanging Gardens. Then, Dadasaheb Phalke made “Raja Harishchandra’ in 1913.
(ii) By 1925. Bombay had become India’s film capital, it was producing films for a national audience.
(iii) The amount of money invested in about 50 Indian films in 1947 was 756 million. By 1987. the film industry employed 5,20,000 people.
Ans. (i) Harishchandra Sakharam Bhatwardekar produced India’s first movie in 1896. This was a scene of a wrestling match in Bombay’s Hanging Gardens. Then, Dadasaheb Phalke made “Raja Harishchandra’ in 1913.
(ii) By 1925. Bombay had become India’s film capital, it was producing films for a national audience.
(iii) The amount of money invested in about 50 Indian films in 1947 was 756 million. By 1987. the film industry employed 5,20,000 people.
Q.4.How did people entertain themselves in the chawls ? [CBSE 2013]
Ans. (i) There was an open space in the middle of four chawls. There the magicians, monkey players or acrobats used to regularly perform their acts.
(ii) The Nandi bull used to come. There was the Kadaklakshmi. The performers beat themselves on their naked bodies in order to fill their stomachs.
(iii) Chawls were also the place for the exchange of news about jobs, strikes, riots or demonstrations.
Ans. (i) There was an open space in the middle of four chawls. There the magicians, monkey players or acrobats used to regularly perform their acts.
(ii) The Nandi bull used to come. There was the Kadaklakshmi. The performers beat themselves on their naked bodies in order to fill their stomachs.
(iii) Chawls were also the place for the exchange of news about jobs, strikes, riots or demonstrations.
Q.5. Describe two historic processes that have shaped modem cities in decisive ways. [CBSE 2013]
Ans. (1) The rise of industrial capitalism :
(i) Many decades after the beginning of the industrial revolution, most western countries were largely rural.
(ii) Indusm’alisaTion changed the form of urbanisation in die modem period.
(iii) Cities were often the centres of political power, administrative network, trade and industry, religious institutions and intellectual activity, and supported various social groups such as artisans, merchants and priests.
(2) The establishment of colonial rule over large parts of the world :
(i) In the 17th century. Bombay was a group of seven islands under Portuguese control.
(ii) In 1661. control of the islands passed into British hands after the marriage of Britain’s King Charles-II to the Portuguese princess. The East India Company quickly shifted its base from Surat to Bombay.
(iii) Bombay became the capital of the Bombay Presidency in 1819,after the Maratha defeat in the Anglo Maratha war.
Ans. (1) The rise of industrial capitalism :
(i) Many decades after the beginning of the industrial revolution, most western countries were largely rural.
(ii) Indusm’alisaTion changed the form of urbanisation in die modem period.
(iii) Cities were often the centres of political power, administrative network, trade and industry, religious institutions and intellectual activity, and supported various social groups such as artisans, merchants and priests.
(2) The establishment of colonial rule over large parts of the world :
(i) In the 17th century. Bombay was a group of seven islands under Portuguese control.
(ii) In 1661. control of the islands passed into British hands after the marriage of Britain’s King Charles-II to the Portuguese princess. The East India Company quickly shifted its base from Surat to Bombay.
(iii) Bombay became the capital of the Bombay Presidency in 1819,after the Maratha defeat in the Anglo Maratha war.
Social Science CBSE Class 10 History Work, Life and Leisure VBQ
Q.1.Mention any four social evils prevailing in London in 1870V Mention any two steps taken by the authorities to check these social evils. (CBSE Sept. 2012)
Ans. Increasing criminal activities
(ii) Child labour.
(iii) Falling public morality,
(iv) Increasing rate of unemployment
Steps :
(i) Population of criminals was counted, in an attempt to discipline, the population, the authorities imposed high penalties.
(ii) Compulsory Elementary Education Act 1570 was passed.
Ans. Increasing criminal activities
(ii) Child labour.
(iii) Falling public morality,
(iv) Increasing rate of unemployment
Steps :
(i) Population of criminals was counted, in an attempt to discipline, the population, the authorities imposed high penalties.
(ii) Compulsory Elementary Education Act 1570 was passed.
Q.2. How was family life transformed because of city life ? Which moral values can you learn from the rural life?
Ans. (i) The dry encouraged spirit of Individualism
(ii) The public space became increasingly a male preserve and the domestic sphere was seen as the proper place tor women.
(iii)Gradually women came to participate in political movement for suffrage
Values of rural life :
(i) Rural life was based on collective values.
(ii) Communities were interdependent.
Ans. (i) The dry encouraged spirit of Individualism
(ii) The public space became increasingly a male preserve and the domestic sphere was seen as the proper place tor women.
(iii)Gradually women came to participate in political movement for suffrage
Values of rural life :
(i) Rural life was based on collective values.
(ii) Communities were interdependent.
Q.3. Explain the pollution problem of Calcutta. [CBSE Sept. 2010. 2011.2012]
Or
How did the development of cities influence the ecology and environment in late nineteenth century ? Explain by giving an example of Calcutta (Kolkata). (CBSE 2009 D)
Explain any three causes of air pollution in Calcutta (Kolkata) in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Which body- controlled Industrial pollution ? [CBSE Sept. 2010. 2013]
Ans. (i) Calcutta or Kolkata had a long history of air pollution. Its inhabitants inhaled grey smoke, particularly in the winter. Since the cry was built on marshy land, the resulting fog combined with smoke to generate a thick black smog.
(ii)Burning of dung and wood fuel were the main sources of air pollution.
(iii) Colonial authorities at first intended to clear I the place of miasmas, or harmful vapours, but the railway lines introduced in 1855, brought a dangerous new pollutant into the picture — coal from Raniganj. The high content of ash in the Indian coal was a problem Many pleas were made to banish the dirty mills from the city, but without any results,
(iv) Calcutta (Kolkata) was the first city to get | smoke nuisance legislation in 1863.
(v) The inspectors of the Bengal Smoke Nuisance I Commission finally managed to control the industrial smoke. Controlling domestic smoke, however, was for more difficult.
Or
How did the development of cities influence the ecology and environment in late nineteenth century ? Explain by giving an example of Calcutta (Kolkata). (CBSE 2009 D)
Explain any three causes of air pollution in Calcutta (Kolkata) in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Which body- controlled Industrial pollution ? [CBSE Sept. 2010. 2013]
Ans. (i) Calcutta or Kolkata had a long history of air pollution. Its inhabitants inhaled grey smoke, particularly in the winter. Since the cry was built on marshy land, the resulting fog combined with smoke to generate a thick black smog.
(ii)Burning of dung and wood fuel were the main sources of air pollution.
(iii) Colonial authorities at first intended to clear I the place of miasmas, or harmful vapours, but the railway lines introduced in 1855, brought a dangerous new pollutant into the picture — coal from Raniganj. The high content of ash in the Indian coal was a problem Many pleas were made to banish the dirty mills from the city, but without any results,
(iv) Calcutta (Kolkata) was the first city to get | smoke nuisance legislation in 1863.
(v) The inspectors of the Bengal Smoke Nuisance I Commission finally managed to control the industrial smoke. Controlling domestic smoke, however, was for more difficult.
Q.4. Explain the impact of industrialisation on children.
Ans. (i) A large number of children were pushed into low paid work, often bit their parents. In Most of the children were underpaid so ill was more profitable to make A living from crime rather working in a small underpaid factory.
(iii) It was only after the passage of the Compulsory Elementary Education Act 1S70 and the Factory Act that children were kept out industrial work.
Ans. (i) A large number of children were pushed into low paid work, often bit their parents. In Most of the children were underpaid so ill was more profitable to make A living from crime rather working in a small underpaid factory.
(iii) It was only after the passage of the Compulsory Elementary Education Act 1S70 and the Factory Act that children were kept out industrial work.
Q.5. Explain the impact of industrialisation on the life of women.
Or
Explain any five, major changes that came in women’s life of nineteenth century of Britain. [CBSE 2012]
Ans. (i) Women as workers: Factories employed large number of women in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries With techno!og:cal developments, women gradually lost their industrial jobs, and were forced to work within households. The 1861 census recorded a quarter of million domestic servants in London, of whom the vast majority were women, many of them recent migrants. A large number of women used their homes to increase family income by raking in lodgers or through such activities as tailoring, washing or matchbox making. However, there was a change once again in the twentieth century. As women got employment in wartime industries and offices, they withdrew from domestic service.
(ii) Women and conservatives: Men and
women did no: have equal access to this new urban space. As women lost their industrial jobs and conservative people railed against their presence in public spaces, women were forced to withdraw into their homes. The public space became increasingly a male preserve, and the domestic sphere was seen as the proper place for women.
(iii) Women and political movements: Most political movements of the nineteenth century, such as Chartism (a movement demanding the vote for all adult males! and the 10-hour movement (limiting hours of work in factories), mobilised large number of men. Only gradually did women come to participate in political movements for suffrage that demanded the right to vote for women, or for married women’s rights to property (from the l870s).
(iv) Women and war time: The two world wars of the 20th century once again transformed the life of women They were employed in large numbers to meet war demands.
Or
Explain any five, major changes that came in women’s life of nineteenth century of Britain. [CBSE 2012]
Ans. (i) Women as workers: Factories employed large number of women in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries With techno!og:cal developments, women gradually lost their industrial jobs, and were forced to work within households. The 1861 census recorded a quarter of million domestic servants in London, of whom the vast majority were women, many of them recent migrants. A large number of women used their homes to increase family income by raking in lodgers or through such activities as tailoring, washing or matchbox making. However, there was a change once again in the twentieth century. As women got employment in wartime industries and offices, they withdrew from domestic service.
(ii) Women and conservatives: Men and
women did no: have equal access to this new urban space. As women lost their industrial jobs and conservative people railed against their presence in public spaces, women were forced to withdraw into their homes. The public space became increasingly a male preserve, and the domestic sphere was seen as the proper place for women.
(iii) Women and political movements: Most political movements of the nineteenth century, such as Chartism (a movement demanding the vote for all adult males! and the 10-hour movement (limiting hours of work in factories), mobilised large number of men. Only gradually did women come to participate in political movements for suffrage that demanded the right to vote for women, or for married women’s rights to property (from the l870s).
(iv) Women and war time: The two world wars of the 20th century once again transformed the life of women They were employed in large numbers to meet war demands.
